IMPLEMENTATION OF PARKING CHARGE NOTICES (PCN) THROUGH A COLLABORATIVE DIGITAL GOVERNANCE MODEL IN URBAN PARKING MANAGEMENT

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Parking Charge Notices (PCNs) as a digital-based parking enforcement instrument through a Collaborative Digital Governance Model in the Administrative City of East Jakarta, covering the typology of implementation, actor configuration, and model formulation. The study employed a Sequential Explanatory Mixed-Methods design. The quantitative phase utilized administrative PCN data obtained from the Jakarta Special Capital Region Provincial Transportation Agency covering the period from January 2024 to December 2025. The research population consisted of all enforcement incidents that met the established criteria, with 6,865 observations analyzed using total sampling; no survey respondents were involved in this study. The quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics and K-Means Cluster Analysis. The qualitative phase involved 15 purposively selected informants, including transportation officials and enforcement personnel, Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) officers, police officers, parking operators, academics, and members of the public. The qualitative data were analyzed using Thematic Analysis with hybrid coding and integrated through a Joint Display. The findings indicate that PCN implementation is heterogeneous and encompasses three location typologies, with 99.23 percent of violations occurring on roadways. The resulting model identifies six key dimensions: implementation capacity, digital enforcement capability, regulatory capacity, communication and coordination, collaborative relationships, and public responsiveness. The study recommends typology-based enforcement, integrated digital data systems, strengthened cross-actor coordination, enhanced implementer competencies, and greater public legitimacy and information dissemination.