International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies, ISSN:2327-008XE-ISSN:2327-2554
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies ISSN: 2327-008X, E-ISSN: 2327-2554, The mission of the IJICS is to play a key role in disseminating high-quality scientific research in developing countries. The journal is committed to serving as a periodic publication venue for theoretical and applied research in the field of professional business, studying organizations, nations, markets, and society at large. Goals IJICS main goals are to promote scientific production and dissemination, as well as the advancement of knowledge, in developing countries. The journal seeks to publish original and unpublished articles that address relevant issues and offer valuable insights in the field of professional business. Scope The scope of IJICS encompasses a wide range of topics related to Multidisciplinary, Scientific Work, Management and Professional Business, with an emphasis on the needs and challenges faced by developing countries. The journal values: - New theoretical perspectives: IJICS seeks contributions that enable a greater understanding and variety of professional business, with the aim of improving management efficiency and offering critical approaches. Priority is given to the development of new challenging theories, the enhancement of existing theory, and the identification of new research questions. - Empirical research and practical essays: The journal values empirical investigations and essays that demonstrate practical application in the field of professional business. Unpublished and relevant contributions that utilize quantitative and/or qualitative methods are prioritized. In addition to the traditional editorial, IJICS offers the following types of content: - Editorial comments - Articles - Technical reports - Perspectives - Literature reviews Throughout the review process, all submissions satisfying the basic requirements will be subject to a blind review by at least two independent reviewers who will not have knowledge of the name of the author or of other reviewers. Likewise, the IJICS does not inform the author(s) about the reviewers in any phase of the review process. If the number of the manuscripts that were credited as publishable by the reviewers were higher than the number of the articles that prescribed by the IJICS publication policy, the editorial board of the IJICS makes the final acceptance decision. The editors reserve the right to modify typescripts to eliminate ambiguity and repetition, and to improve communication between author and reader. In following this practice, the scientific content and message will not be changed. If extensive alterations are required, the manuscript will be returned to the author for revision and/or approval. Manuscripts will be subjected to peer review process to determine their suitability for publication provided they fulfill the requirements of the journal as laid out in the instructions to authors. After the review, manuscripts will be returned for revision along with reviewer’s and/or editor’s comments. Prepare the manuscript in Times New Roman font using a font size of 12. There shall not be any decorative borders anywhere in the text including the title page. All the tables and figures should be in the text at suitable place. Kindly email your paper on Email id: editor.cgscopus@gmail.com
The Quiet Coup: AI Surveillance, Civil Privacy, and Democratic Threats
The technocratic world rises to a crescendo anew; this time around with much passions running around the enigma of artificial intelligence, a phenomenon causing many to raise eyebrows. From the question of imitating human intelligence to ending the human supremacy in myriad fields, we are bereft of an intelligible answer when it comes to Artificial Intelligence. It would be otiose to spill out the already conspicuous influences AI. enjoys in our lives but to harness the too much dependence on its tools which in all probability could be a threat is essentially what we need to do to play safe. While the technological-savvy coterie perpetuates and experiments with AI., the vulnerabilities of this next revolution is what’s of a greater concern. The impending questions on ethics, privacy and accountability of AI. systems really need to be drawn a final curtain and the roles of each stakeholder in this effort must be set accordingly. This paper strikes the right chord with those inquisitive of the future of AI. and it concerns particularly in the field of Democracy. The contours of AI umbrella are fairly traced and the imponderable questions on human rights and stifling of privacy is discussed with inputs from the experts on the subject. The paper tries to enunciate the regulation of AI. through various legislations and constraints already in place and also traces the path of new mechanisms that could be solicited in the laws of the nation states.
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PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY: RELATIONSHIPS AND INDIVIDUALITY
In this article, the philosophy of religion, philosophical views on religion in a broad sense, the conceptualization of its essence and tasks, as well as the philosophical justification for the existence of God, his nature, relationship to the world and man are expressed as a set of philosophical considerations. Also in the narrow sense - clear, autonomous philosophical reflections about God and religion, a special type of philosophizing, the purpose of the philosophy of religion, the essence of religion are revealed.
Rafikova Gulnoza Valijonovna Kamolova Kimyoxon Gulomjonovna Maxmudova Zulfiya Alimjanovna Yunusova Buxajalxon Alimovna, Ochilova Faridakhon Kudrat qizi Tursunpulatov Akmaljon
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies, ISSN:2327-008XE-ISSN:2327-2554 https://cgscopus.com/
POLICY OF INTER-NATIONAL PEACE: THE EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN AND A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES
This article analyzes the process of forming the policy of interethnic harmony in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence, its historical and legal foundations, and a comparative analysis of the experiences of the Central Asian countries - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The study examines the factors that influenced the formation of the policy of interethnic harmony, the main directions of state policy, the activities of national cultural centers, civil society institutions and public diplomacy. The article analyzes the experience of Uzbekistan, namely the effectiveness of state bodies regulating interethnic relations and cultural dialogue. It also identifies its advantages in ensuring stability, tolerance and civic unity by comparing the legal and organizational mechanisms of national policy in the region. The article sheds light on the scientific and theoretical significance of the experience of Uzbekistan in ensuring interethnic stability in Central Asia, and also puts forward general principles that can be applied at the regional level.
Yusupova Sevara Nizamitdinovna Bahronov Behruz Boriyevich Ismailova Barnoxon Naildjanovna Axmedov Abdulxay Toshtoxtayevich Norinova Dilbaroy Maxammadjonovna Ahmedova Dildora Naildjanovna
Copyright (c) 2025 Journals International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies, ISSN:2327-008XE-ISSN:2327-2554 https://cgscopus.com/
HISTORICAL ROOTS OF WATER RESOURCES AND TRANSBOUNDARY POLITICS IN CENTRAL ASIA
This article provides a scientific analysis of the historical roots of water resources use and transboundary policy in Central Asia. The period covered is from the irrigation systems of the ancient Bactrian, Khorezmian, and Sogdian civilizations to the centralized water management system of the Soviet era. The article examines the distribution of water in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins, its social, economic, and political consequences, as well as the trends of conflict and cooperation in water policy after independence. The study analyzes historical sources, contemporary political documents, and evaluates historical experiences of sustainable water resource use.
Kirgizbaev Abdugaffor Karimjonovich Dekhkanov Narimon Burkhonjonovich Haydaraliev Shukhratjon Abdulazizovich Kholmirzaev Nodirjonjon Nizomjonovich Mavlonov Ilhomjon Kholmirzaevich Tokhtabaev Azamjon Shariphojaevich
DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR TRENDS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
This article analyzes the changing relationship between religiosity and secularism in the era of globalization, their impact on social life, as well as the socio-political content of the processes of secularism, desecularization and resecularization. Using the example of the experience of Uzbekistan, the author highlights the role of religion in social processes, the policy of religious freedom, and issues related to the restoration of spiritual values. The problems of religious extremism, radicalism, "soft power" technologies, and the moral crisis in modern society are also studied from a philosophical point of view. The study emphasizes the principle of harmony of religiosity and secularism, the importance of the spiritual factor in the national development strategy. The article also analyzes the evolution of religious values ​​in Western and Eastern civilizations and their impact on political systems. It also substantiates scientific and practical ways to ensure religious tolerance, spiritual harmony, and social stability in the conditions of modern globalization.
Abdullaev Akmal Nasriddinovich Gapparov Elyorjon Otabekovich Akhrorova Umida Khamidullayevna Abdullayeva Asila Abdulxodiyevna Akramov Giyosiddin Najmiddinovich Gulmatov Umarali Khabibullaevich
ADORNOGRAPHY AS ECOLOGICAL ARCHIVE AND CULTURAL NARRATIVE: HIMALAYAN TRIBAL ORNAMENTATION, SUSTAINABILITY, AND GENDERED AGENCY
The primary aim of this paper is to introduce Adornography as a newly coined concept within the theoretical framework for understanding body ornamentation, especially jewellery worn by Himalayan tribal communities as ecological and cultural texts that embody living traditions. Traditionally, Adornment Studies have primarily concentrated on aesthetic or anthropological aspects. Adornography shifts the focus to examining jewellery as a repository of ecological knowledge, gendered embodiment, and sustainable lifestyles. This perspective incorporates insights from fields such as ethnography, environmental humanities, feminist material culture theory, and literary analysis to present jewellery as both wearable art and performative ecological record. Moreover, the semiotic analysis underscores that ornaments can be seen as wearable genealogies and ecological record-keeping devices. This paper further examines the emergence and significance of eco-friendly jewellery within India's contemporary socio-cultural context, especially in the Himalayan region, highlighting how jewellery plays a role in shaping identity. Traditionally, it has been associated with wealth, heritage, and aesthetics. However, it can be argued that jewellery is currently experiencing a paradigm shift where sustainability and social responsibility are now central to its production and consumption. The present study explores Adornography, which is defined as well as established as an interdisciplinary, future-oriented framework, making it possible to lay a foundation for sustainable cultural preservation in the Himalayan socio-cultural context.
EXPLORING ADVERTISING STRATEGIES ON CONSUMER ATTITUDES, PURCHASE INTENTIONS, BRAND LOYALTY, AND OVERALL PERCEPTION OF BRANDS
This study explores the impact of advertising strategies on consumer attitudes, purchase intentions, brand loyalty, and overall brand perception It also delves into the persuasive power of digital advertising and social media, which have been shown to significantly enhance purchase intentions. Brand loyalty, a critical factor for long-term business success, is analysed through the lens of consistent brand messaging and the effectiveness of loyalty programs. Additionally, the study highlights the growing importance of transparency and authenticity in shaping consumers' overall perception of brands, particularly in an age where consumers are increasingly sceptical of traditional marketing tactics. To know about the impact of patriotic advertising on consumer attitudes and their purchase intentions. The main objective is to study the consumer's loyalty towards the national brands promoting patriotic advertising and to explore the overall perception of national brands among the consumers. This research examines how different advertising strategies shape consumer attitudes, purchasing behaviour, brand loyalty, and overall brand impressions. In today’s digital era, advertising has shifted toward personalisation and data-driven approaches, resulting in new ways of influencing consumers. By reviewing existing studies, the paper discusses the effects of elements such as emotional storytelling, celebrity involvement, and cultural alignment on consumer responses. It further explores the growing persuasive strength of digital and social-media-based advertising. Brand loyalty is assessed with respect to consistent messaging and customer-focused loyalty programs. The study also emphasises the rising importance of openness and authenticity, especially as consumers become more cautious about traditional marketing. Additionally, the research seeks to understand how patriotic advertising influences consumer attitudes and purchase intentions, particularly toward national brands. Overall, the study highlights that although traditional advertising helps establish visibility, digital advertising is more impactful in generating immediate engagement and deeper connections. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in the existing literature and suggesting the need for broader, culturally diverse, and long-term studies.
Administrative Culture and Citizen Trust: Comparative Analysis of U.S.–Denmark disparities and their Implications for India
Administrative ethics and political culture are pivotal in shaping the quality of governance within democratic systems. This research paper presents a comparative analysis of administrative ethics in Denmark and the USA, employing indicators such as the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and levels of public trust. The study further extends this analysis to include India. Denmark is recognized as a global leader, characterized by high integrity and strong public confidence. Denmark is the only country in the world to have a data ethics council and the first country to establish science ethics committees and later the Ethical Council. In contrast, the USA demonstrates moderate ethical robustness, with notable concerns regarding political financing. However, India faces more significant challenges related to corruption and institutional enforcement. The inclusion of India provides a contrast between mature Western democracies and a large developing democracy, thereby highlighting differing capacities and reform trajectories. Through an examination of these contrasting democracies, the study identifies institutional trust, historical and administrative cultural factors that influence ethical behaviour among administrators and politicians. The discussion subsequently extends these comparative insights to the Indian context, particularly in relation to the Second Administrative Reforms Commission’s recommendations on ethics in governance. The central thesis posited is that administrative ethics are profoundly shaped by the interplay between institutional design, civic culture and mechanisms of accountability. Building on these findings, the paper also emphasizes the potential of greater decentralization to reduce hierarchical corruption and the role of AI-based systems for fraud detection and risk mapping to strengthen oversight in public administration. These reform directions align with global best practices while addressing India’s systemic vulnerabilities. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing ethical governance in India through reforms in political funding, electoral adjudication, institutional independence, civic education and transparency. Strengthening RTI mechanisms and expanding proactive disclosure requirements are also essential to reinforcing public accountability.
PROTECTING THE DEBTOR FROM CREDITORS’ LESION (GHABN) UNDER THE SAUDI BANKRUPTCY LAW (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
There is no doubt that protecting the insolvent debtor is of great importance in economic life, as it helps prevent commercial enterprises from collapsing. To that end, legislation has been enacted that allows the preparation of rescue plans as soon as early signs of economic difficulty appear. The Saudi Bankruptcy Law sets out the procedures to be followed for both creditor and debtor, and it lays down practical mechanisms that clearly safeguard the debtor’s rights, attaching multiple legal effects that attest to the seriousness of this protection. Among these mechanisms is closing off avenues by which creditors might employ lesion (Ghabn) against the debtor in any of the bankruptcy procedures. This paper seeks to shed light on that mechanism.
Salih Mohammad M alhumami, Ghaleb Mubarak S Alhamami, Mohammed Ali M. Alasmari Ahmed Ahmed S Al-Tuwaili
THE NECESSITY OF FULFILLING FORMAL APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR OPENING BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURES UNDER SAUDI LAW (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
There is no doubt that protecting the insolvent debtor is a matter of considerable importance in the economic sphere, insofar as it helps to prevent commercial undertakings from collapsing. To this end, legislation has been enacted that allows the preparation of rescue plans as soon as early signs of economic difficulty appear in such enterprises. The Saudi Bankruptcy Law sets out the procedures to be followed for both creditor and debtor, and it establishes practical means by which the debtor’s rights are clearly safeguarded, attaching multiple effects that attest to the seriousness with which these protections are pursued. Among these means is the requirement that any person involved in a bankruptcy matter comply with formal, procedural filings designed to protect -and alert- the debtor. This study seeks to shed light on that mechanism.
Salih Mohammad M alhumami, Ghaleb Mubarak S Alhamami, Mohammed Ali M. Alasmari, Ahmed Ahmed S Al-Tuwaili
THE IMPACT OF CUSTOMERS’ EXPERIENCE ON CUSTOMERS’ LOYALTY: A FIELD STUDY IN COMPREHENSIVE SHOPPING CENTERS IN SANA’A
This study aimed to determine the impact of customes’ experience, with its cognitive and emotional dimensions, on customers’ loyalty in comprehensive shopping centers in Sana’a. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and relied on a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample size consisted of 400 participants from four comprehensive shopping centers, selected via random sampling. The gathered data were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 27. The study concluded that the level of customers’ experience in the studied centers was moderate, with a mean score of 4.91, a standard deviation of 1.036, and a percentage of 70.3%. The results also indicated that the customers’ loyalty level was found to be moderate, with a mean score of 4.85, a standard deviation of 1.045, and a percentage of 69.4%. The results showed a statistically significant impact of the combined dimensions of customers’ experience on customers’ loyalty. Furthermore, the individual dimensions of customers’ experience also had a statistically significant impact on customers’ loyalty in the shopping centers under the study.
Ezzaldeen Mohammed Musaed Ayash, Khaled Hasan Al-Hariri
PROTECTING THE DEBTOR FROM IMPRISONMENT UNDER THE SAUDI BANKRUPTCY LAW (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
Undoubtedly, protecting the insolvent debtor is of considerable importance to economic life, insofar as it helps prevent commercial enterprises from collapsing. To this end, legislation has been enacted to allow the preparation of rescue plans as soon as early signs of economic difficulty appear. The Saudi Bankruptcy Law prescribes the procedures to be followed for both creditor and debtor, and it establishes practical mechanisms that clearly safeguard the debtor’s rights, attaching multiple legal effects that attest to the seriousness of this protection-including shielding the debtor from imprisonment for debt. This paper sheds light on that mechanism.
Salih Mohammad M alhumami, Ghaleb Mubarak S Alhamami, Mohammed Ali M. Alasmari, Ahmed Ahmed S Al-Tuwaili,
PROTECTING THE DEBTOR BY INFORMING THEM OF LITIGATION RULES AND PROCEDURES UNDER THE SAUDI BANKRUPTCY LAW: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
This study examines the mandatory termination of administrative contracts for insolvency in light of the Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law (GTPL). Adopting an analytical method, the paper is structured into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter One defines the core terms; Chapter Two analyzes the legal nature of mandatory termination for insolvency and its conditions. The study concludes, inter alia, that the insolvency of the contractor - triggering contract termination - must be established by a final court judgment, as evidenced by the Saudi legislator’s phrase (insolvency is established), and that the administration’s power to terminate in this case is a constrained (bound) power. Recommendations include distinguishing between termination that is penal (where the contractor’s fault, fraud, or deceit is present) and termination justified by public interest (where insolvency arises without the contractor’s fault). (GTPL, Royal Decree No. M/128, 13/11/1440; Implementing Regulations, Ministerial Decision No. 3479, 11/08/1441).
Ghaleb Mubarak S Alhamami, Salih Mohammad M alhumami, Ahmed Ahmed S Al-Tuwaili
MANDATORY TERMINATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS DUE TO MANIPULATION IN LIGHT OF THE SAUDI GOVERNMENT TENDERS AND PROCUREMENT LAW (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
This research addresses the subject of the mandatory termination of administrative contracts due to manipulation (Tala'ub) in light of the Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law (GTPL). The study adopted an analytical methodology and is structured into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first section defines the research terminology, and the second examines the legal nature and conditions of mandatory termination for manipulation. The study concludes with several findings, the most important of which is that the Saudi legislator stipulated in the GTPL the mandatory termination of the administrative contract if it becomes evident to the government entity that the contractor obtained the contract through manipulation or practiced it during its execution.
MANDATORY TERMINATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS DUE TO BANKRUPTCY IN LIGHT OF THE SAUDI GOVERNMENT TENDERS AND PROCUREMENT LAW (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
This research addresses the subject of the mandatory termination of administrative contracts due to bankruptcy in light of the Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law (GTPL). Adopting an analytical methodology, the study is structured into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first section defines the research terminology, while the second examines the legal nature and conditions of mandatory termination for bankruptcy. The study concludes with several findings, most notably that a contractor’s mere request for bankruptcy declaration is sufficient grounds for the mandatory termination of an administrative contract, even prior to the issuance of a judicial ruling.
HYPERMASCULINE BEHAVIOUR OF MEN AT PLAY: A STUDY OF DAVID FINCHER’S FILM FIGHT CLUB
The masculinity ideals are based on ‘Hegemonic Masculinity’, which stations itself at the top of gender order. For establishing such kind of masculine ideals and in order to dominate every individual belonging to any gender, men are seen exhibiting hypermasculine traits. The present study explores the manifestation of hypermasculinity in David Fincher’s movie, Fight Club (1999). It will study the characteristics exhibited by hypermasculine men in order to maintain their position at the top. Furthermore, the men with non- dominant masculinity vis-a-vis their socio-economic status behave in ways that decide their secondary position. It will analyse Fight Club through the lens of Masculine Studies, propounded by Raewyn Connell, wherein, several kinds of ‘masculinities’, ‘masculine behaviours’ and the changing gender trends are discussed.
Gagandeep Singh Sasan, Dr. Pardeep Kumar, Dr. Ravinder Singh
MORAL STANDARDS OF A PERSON IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN NEW UZBEKISTAN
The article is devoted to the social analysis of the ethical norms of the entrepreneur in New Uzbekistan, the specifics of his ethical norms, the role of ethical norms in the development of entrepreneurial activity and the upbringing of the entrepreneur, including their ethical norms, are described. The social analysis of ethical norms in the practice of forming and developing entrepreneurial activity, its popularization in the world economy are presented. Because in the conditions of a market economy, the role of entrepreneurial activity in ensuring the socio-economic well-being of the country, society and the population is great. According to the results of the social analysis, it is proposed to define the concept of entrepreneurial activity as one of the mandatory courses in all higher educational institutions and in the training of pedagogical and psychological personnel. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of entrepreneurial activity in many areas of entrepreneurial activity and in modern social technology of material production of the life of society. The main method of developing entrepreneurial activity in the new Uzbekistan is a general scientific ethical analysis, with the help of which the author considers the moral standards of the individual in the practice of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship, by its very nature, is a mass instrument of honesty, responsibility, empathy and justice, and through entrepreneurial activity, an entrepreneurial culture is acquired. The study of entrepreneurial activity is studied through social sciences, and its relevance does not cause the slightest doubt among representatives of the social sphere. This is because this type of activity directly covers interpersonal relationships and communications. In conclusion, the author suggests teaching entrepreneurs a culture of entrepreneurship, and in higher educational institutions, including the moral standards of the individual, as a mandatory course and method of educating people in entrepreneurial activity, regulating entrepreneurial culture.
REVISITING AQUINAS’ NATURAL LAW IN POSTMODERN PHILOSOPHY OF THOUGHT
This study described the postmodern interpretation of Values and Norms in the new generation. The researchers aimed to defend against their interpretation because of values and norms are important factors in man’s life. To do this paper, the researchers employed the intellectual inquiry on the concept of St. Thomas Aquinas’s Natural Law which is the foundation of his discussion on ethics. While this study served to advance the idea about the contemporary relevance of an ethics of virtue by way of its significantly more detailed explication of morality, the researchers concluded that in order to become a morally upright human person, there’s a need to give a clear emphasis the idea of defense of values and norms which is so significant in studying St. Thomas Aquinas's divine law.
INTERNSHIP-TO-EMPLOYMENT PIPELINE: HOW INTERNSHIP STRUCTURE PREDICTS LONG-TERM RETENTION IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY
Internships are a vital bridge between academic preparation and professional employment, especially within the fast-paced hotel industry. Effective internship and training experiences—paired with strong intern motivation—lead to higher satisfaction, stronger skill readiness, deeper organizational loyalty, and ultimately, improved long-term retention. This study examines how the design and quality of internship programs influence interns’ transition into full-time hotel careers. Using mixed methods data from hotel interns, training managers, and HR professionals, the research evaluates key components such as supervision quality, task relevance, training duration, feedback systems, institutional support, and motivational drivers. Findings reveal that well-structured internships with clear objectives, consistent mentorship, meaningful hands-on tasks, and visible career development pathways significantly enhance the likelihood of post-internship employment and sustained retention in the hotel sector. In contrast, poorly planned or weakly supervised internships reduce motivation, create disengagement, and contribute to higher turnover. Overall, the study highlights the need to redesign internship models not only as academic requirements but as strategic talent-development pipelines that align motivational factors with organizational workforce needs. Recommendations are provided for hospitality institutions and industry employers to strengthen internship systems, support intern motivation, and build a more committed and long-lasting hospitality workforce.
GOVERNING INVISIBLE ACTORS - A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF INDIA’S REGULATORY VACUUM IN AI-INDUCED CRIMES
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the nature of crime globally, enabling new forms of digital impersonation, algorithmic manipulation, predictive profiling, and autonomous cyber-attacks. In India, the adoption of AI by both legitimate sectors and malicious actors has accelerated rapidly, yet the regulatory landscape remains fragmented, technologically outdated, and normatively incomplete. This paper critically evaluates the emerging phenomenon of AI-induced crimes within the Indian context, with a particular focus on the deepening regulatory vacuum. Drawing upon contemporary scholarship, comparative regulatory models, and evolving forms of cyber-criminal behavior, the analysis demonstrates that Indian law lacks clear statutory provisions, institutional capacities, and doctrinal clarity for addressing harms created by non-human, autonomous, or semi-autonomous digital agents. The paper argues that India requires a paradigm shift, from a human-centric responsibility model to a techno-normative framework capable of attributing liability, regulating AI development, and preventing abuse. Through a doctrinal and socio-legal examination, this study outlines conceptual challenges, identifies gaps in the Information Technology Act, 2000, and highlights the urgency of designing a future-ready governance architecture for AI-induced criminality.
BLOCKING THE MEANS TO EVIL (SADD AL-DHARA’I) AND ITS EFFECT ON PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
This academic study addresses the jurisprudential and legislative dilemma concerning how to utilize the principle of “Blocking the Means to Evil (Sadd al-Dhara’i)” as an effective fundamental tool within the legal system for environmental protection and sustainability. While many actions related to resource utilization (such as grazing or land exploitation) are fundamentally permissible, the unrestricted practice of these actions may, often and predominantly, lead to a significant and recognized environmental detriment. This study presents the principle of “Sadd al-Dhara’i” as the foundational jurisprudential framework that legitimizes the imposition of regulatory restrictions aimed at preempting the cause of corruption and averting environmental harm before it occurs. Utilizing the descriptive-analytical methodology, the research deconstructs and analyzes the technical and linguistic concept of the rule of “Sadd al-Dhara’i,” clarifying its three jurisprudential categories and the ruling for each. This is conducted in parallel with grounding the technical and linguistic concepts of the “Environment” and defining its natural and built components. The research then shifts to the applied aspect, inductively examining and analyzing practical applications of this rule within the texts of the operative environmental regulations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The analysis focuses on three axes, regulating grazing, protecting national parks, and controlling the exploitation of vegetation cover lands.
Abdullah Ali A. alhammami, Mohammed Ali M. Alasmari
PROTECTING THE DEBTOR BY MEANS OF SETTLEMENT IN THE PREVENTIVE SETTLEMENT AND FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING PROCEDURES UNDER THE SAUDI BANKRUPTCY LAW (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
There is no doubt that protecting the insolvent debtor is a matter of great importance in the economic sphere, as it helps prevent enterprises from collapsing. Accordingly, legislation has been enacted to allow the preparation of rescue plans as soon as early signs of economic difficulty appear in commercial undertakings. The Saudi Bankruptcy Law lays down procedures applicable to both creditor and debtor and introduces practical mechanisms that clearly safeguard the debtor’s rights, attaching multiple legal effects that signal the legislator’s seriousness in giving effect to such protection. Among these mechanisms is enabling settlement (ṣulḥ) within the preventive settlement and financial restructuring procedures, this study highlights that mechanism.
MANDATORY TERMINATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS DUE TO INSOLVENCY IN LIGHT OF THE SAUDI GOVERNMENT TENDERS AND PROCUREMENT LAW
This study examines the mandatory termination of administrative contracts for insolvency in light of the Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law (GTPL). Adopting an analytical method, the paper is structured into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. Its one context defines the core terms; and other context analyzes the legal nature of mandatory termination for insolvency and its conditions. The study concludes, inter alia, that the insolvency of the contractor, triggering contract termination - must be established by a final court judgment, as evidenced by the Saudi legislator’s phrase (insolvency is established), and that the administration’s power to terminate in this case is a constrained (bound) power. Recommendations include distinguishing between termination that is penal (where the contractor’s fault, fraud, or deceit is present) and termination justified by public interest (where insolvency arises without the contractor’s fault). (GTPL, Royal Decree No. M/128, 13/11/1440; Implementing Regulations, Ministerial Decision No. 3479, 11/08/1441).
Ghaleb Mubarak S Alhamami, Salih Mohammad M alhumami, Ahmed Ahmed S Al-Tuwaili,
EVALUATING CARNIVAL CALABAR AS CATALYST FOR DIFFUSION OF INDIGENOUS SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES SYSTEM IN CALABAR, NIGERIA
Carnival Calabar is one of the most prominent socio-cultural activities in Nigeria, attracting participants and visitors from across the globe. This study evaluates the role of Carnival Calabar as a catalyst for the diffusion of indigenous socio-cultural values in Calabar, Cross River State. Data were collected through questionnaires, checklists, and focus group discussions in the study area. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to test the stated hypotheses. Findings revealed a substantial influence of tourists’ socio-cultural values on the indigenous population, as locals exhibited a preference for external cultural practices over their own. This preference negatively affected indigenous traditions, particularly dance, music, food, and social lifestyles. Statistical analysis further corroborated these results, showing that art and music, food, and social lifestyle were the most influential components shaping cultural changes. More, so Cultural diffusion through Carnival Calabar significantly influences indigenous socio cultural values, as cultural exchange fosters interaction between locals and foreigners while shifting value systems gradually reshape traditional beliefs, norms, and lifestyles, especially in areas such as dance, music, and entertainment. The study underscores the global implications of tourism-driven cultural transformation and emphasizes the urgent need to preserve and promote indigenous socio-cultural values amidst increasing globalization and tourism development.
TOWARDS A CHILD-CENTERED JUSTICE SYSTEM - THE NORMATIVE AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN PROMOTING FAMILY RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT
Over the last few decades, the global shift towards “child friendly” or rather “child centered” justice has focused on the need to value children’s rights, agency, and family contexts within the legal system. The actualization of this shift relies not only on legislative changes and institutional innovations, but the impact of legal education. If legal practitioners were educated and children and families were empowered then the justice system would shift towards being more “child-centered”, In this instance, legal education would have to be directly concerned with the empowerment of families, children, and legal actors, as the only way to shift the normative agenda of justice is to translate it into lived empowerment. The paper identifies and discusses the core elements of this to be legal education, the teaching of family rights, & implications that derive from that. The interface that family rights provide is the unique conduit through which legal education might address the chasm that exists between formal rights and actual empowerment, particularly in support of children’s rights. Some of the key challenges in this regard, which have been directed towards law schools, include continuing professional education, and community legal literacy initiatives.
LINKING STRATEGIC VIGILANCE TO COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH CRISIS MANAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Purpose – This study investigates the role of strategic vigilance in enhancing competitive advantage, while examining the mediating effect of crisis management within higher education institutions (HEIs). Grounded in the Resource-Based View, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, and Organizational Resilience, the study develops and tests a model that links foresight capabilities to sustainable competitiveness in turbulent environments. Design/ Methodology/ Approach – A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1,232 academic and administrative leaders across HEIs. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via Smart PLS 4. Measurement validity and reliability were assessed, and hypotheses were tested through bootstrapping procedures.
Fadhl Muqbil Abdullah Hajeb, Khaled Hassan Ali Al-Hariry
LIMITING THE PERMISSIBLE (TAQYID AL-MUBAH) AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN APPLIED STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
This study addresses the prominent jurisprudential dilemma between the principle that "the fundamental rule regarding things is permissibility" (Al-Asl fi Al-Ashyaa’ Al-Ibahah) as an established rule in Islamic legislation, and the contemporary necessity of imposing regulatory restrictions for environmental protection. The study presents the rule of "Limiting the Permissible (Taqyid al-Mubah)" as the theoretical framework that resolves this tension, demonstrating that modern environmental regulations do not contradict the higher objectives (Maqasid) of Sharia but rather activate its supreme principles. Employing the descriptive-analytical and inductive methodologies, the research analyzes the technical concept of the rule and its application controls. Subsequently, it inductively examines its practical applications in three main areas within the Saudi Environmental System: regulating land ownership in protected areas, regulating the exploitation of natural resources, and regulating the hunting of wildlife. The study concludes that these regulations do not represent a departure from the rulings of Sharia but are, in fact, an authentic legal application of the ruler's authority (Wali al-Amr) to limit the permissible in order to realize the public interest (Maslaha Amma) embodied in preserving and sustaining the ecological system.
Abdullah Ali A. alhammami, Mohammed Ali M. Alasmari,
BEYOND CUSTODY - SOCIO-LEGAL IMPACTS OF PARENTAL DIVORCE ON CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS IN INDIA
Divorce, though a growing social reality in contemporary India, remains an area of complex emotional and legal navigation, particularly when it involves Children with Special Needs (CWSN). While Indian family law primarily orients custody and guardianship decisions around the principle of the child’s “welfare”, the legal and social discourse seldom addresses how disability alters this welfare equation. This study examines the intersection of family law, disability rights, and social welfare frameworks to highlight the multifaceted consequences of divorce for CWSN. The paper argues that focusing narrowly on custody outcomes overlooks the broader socio-legal ecosystem that determines the child’s long-term well-being. Children with physical, intellectual, or developmental disabilities face unique vulnerabilities that are often compounded by parental separation, ranging from emotional instability and disrupted caregiving to financial insecurity and institutional neglect. Using a multidisciplinary lens, the research explores how existing legal mechanisms under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (1956), Guardians and Wards Act (1890), & Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) fail to sufficiently integrate the principle of disability-sensitive care into custody and guardianship determinations. Through a review of rulings, statutory frameworks, and sociological literature, the study identifies a recurring pattern of judicial inconsistency and limited recognition of specialized caregiving needs. Mothers, often the primary caregivers, face compounded gendered burdens of economic strain and emotional labor, while fathers’ financial responsibilities are inconsistently defined. Incorporating comparative perspectives from Australia and France, the paper highlights progressive approaches that India can adapt. Australia’s Family Law Act (1975) emphasizes shared parental responsibility within a framework that recognizes children’s developmental and psychological needs, supported by expert family consultants. France, through its Code Civil and child protection institutions, ensures judicial collaboration with social and medical experts, reinforcing the child’s right to stability and inclusion post-divorce. These models demonstrate the effectiveness of multidisciplinary family courts and disability-sensitive custody evaluations. The research concludes that safeguarding the welfare of CWSN post-divorce requires a paradigm shift from procedural justice to substantive inclusion, one that situates disability not as a legal afterthought but as a central axis of family law adjudication. It calls for disability-sensitive custody guidelines, judicial training, and cross-sectoral collaboration between legal, medical, and social systems. Hence, “beyond custody” signifies a move toward holistic justice, where the child’s dignity, continuity of care, and right to inclusive development become the cornerstones of post-divorce family policy in India.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF JEEVAN JYOTI BIMA YOJNA AND SURAKSHA BIMA YOJNA MICROINSURANCE POLICIES AMONG LOWER INCOME POPULATIONS IN INDIA
Microinsurance refers to a variety of insurance products available for low-income individuals or households with low savings, offering protection for smaller assets as well as coverage against risks like illness, accidents, or death. The study is based on the impact assessment and claim effectiveness of Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) among Lower Income populations. Multi linear regression and one sample T test research techniques have been used in order to make inferences and draw conclusion. The regression results highlight that both PMJJBY and PMSBY play a positive role in improving the savings potential of lower income groups. The moderate correlation (R = 0.591) suggests that while these schemes do contribute to building savings, they are not the only factors. Other economic and social factors—such as employment stability, household income, access to financial services, and expenditure patterns—are also likely to influence savings behavior. The results show that both PMJJBY and PMSBY have effective claim processes. Respondents perceive that claims under these schemes are generally processed well, which reflects positively on the government’s effort to build trust in low-cost insurance programs. The fact that both schemes were found to be effective suggests that the claim settlement mechanism is functioning as intended and that beneficiaries recognize its usefulness. In conclusion, PMJJBY and PMSBY have the potential to provide meaningful financial protection to lower-income households. However, their full effectiveness depends on addressing gaps in impact and claim efficiency. Focused improvements, combined with policy support and regular monitoring, can strengthen these schemes and enhance their impact on social security. The study highlights that targeted efforts toward education, financial literacy, and customised interventions for vulnerable populations can transform these insurance programs into sustainable tools for financial inclusion and poverty reduction.
EXPLAINABLE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR SME FINANCIAL RESILIENCE: AN INTEGRATED SIGNALLING FRAMEWORK FROM UTTAR PRADESH
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) constitute a crucial segment of Uttar Pradesh’s economic ecosystem, yet they often operate under significant financial uncertainty. This study investigates how Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) can strengthen financial forecasting practices within these enterprises by offering transparent, data-driven insights. Drawing on responses from 325 SMEs across major industrial clusters, the research employed rigorous reliability assessments and descriptive analyses to evaluate the performance and relevance of XAI-based tools in predicting financial health. The results demonstrate that the integration of XAI meaningfully enhances the overall quality of financial decision-making. By providing clear justifications for its predictions, XAI improves stakeholder confidence and reduces ambiguity associated with conventional “black-box” AI models. This transparency also supports better regulatory compliance, as decision-makers are able to trace and justify automated financial assessments. A key finding of the study highlights the strong influence of Financial Distress Indicators (FDI) on strengthening SME financial resilience. Firms that systematically monitor distress signals—such as declining sales or liquidity challenges—show greater preparedness and adaptability when supported by XAI-enabled forecasting frameworks. Beyond empirical insights, the study offers several practical contributions. It underscores the need for ethical and responsible AI adoption, ensuring fairness and accountability in financial prediction systems. The findings advocate for the development of user-friendly and context-appropriate XAI tools that SMEs can easily integrate into their existing operational workflows. Moreover, targeted training programmes and digital literacy initiatives are essential to empower SME owners, financial managers, and operational staff to effectively interpret and utilise these tools. Policymakers and technology developers are also encouraged to collaborate in creating supportive regulatory mechanisms that foster trust, safeguard SME interests, and promote sustainable technological innovation. Overall, the study positions XAI as a transformative enabler for improving financial forecasting accuracy and strengthening the long-term resilience of SMEs in Uttar Pradesh
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)