INTEGRATED FIRE MANAGEMENT AND URBAN RESILIENCE: A MULTI-METHOD FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE FIRE GOVERNANCE

Abstract

Urban fire risk is a critical issue in sustainable urban development, particularly in cities experiencing increasing population density, settlement growth, infrastructure limitations, and complex socio-economic activities. This study aims to assess urban fire resilience, examine causal relationships among resilience pillars, identify strategic leverage variables, and develop an Integrated Fire Management (IFM)-based fire resilience model for sustainable urban development in Probolinggo City, East Java, Indonesia. A mixed-method explanatory design was applied, involving 100 expert respondents from relevant stakeholders. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews, observations, documentation, and literature review. The analysis integrated SEM–PLS, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), and MICMAC to examine causal relationships, measure the Fire Resilience Index, and identify strategic variables within the resilience system. The results show that urban fire resilience is shaped by systemic interactions among institutional, policy, technical, preparedness, social, economic, environmental, and information technology dimensions. SEM–PLS confirmed significant causal relationships among the main resilience pillars, while MDS indicated that most dimensions were in a moderately sustainable/resilient category. MICMAC identified key leverage variables, including fire regulation, inter-agency coordination, IFM budget support, policy consistency, and local leadership support. The proposed IFM-based model integrates prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, institutional coordination, community participation, and risk-based information management. The findings imply that strengthening urban fire resilience requires integrated policy support, institutional coordination, technological innovation, community empowerment, and risk-based urban planning to support safer and more sustainable cities.